Effects of Manual Therapy on Shoulder Function

Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants will be included in this study if they:

  * are between the ages of 18 and 55
  * have no history of shoulder, neck, or upper back dysfunction.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals will be excluded if they report having any of the following conditions:

  * shoulder, neck, or upper back pain;
  * prior shoulder, neck or upper back surgery;
  * previous injury to shoulder, neck, or thoracic area;
  * active inflammatory disease process in treatment area;
  * osteoporosis;
  * signs and symptoms of a nerve root pathology/radiculopathy (dermatomal sensory changes, myotomal weakness, reflex changes);
  * upper motor neuron lesions/spinal cord pathology;
  * local infection;
  * active or history of cancer;
  * long term corticosteroid use;
  * systemically unwell;
  * systemic hyperlaxity;
  * known connective tissue disease;
  * known abnormalities of the spine;
  * disturbance of bowel or bladder;
  * coronary artery disease;
  * unstable upper cervical spine;
  * positive testing for vertebral basilar insufficiency (VBI);
  * spondylolisthesis;
  * spondylosis;
  * pregnancy or recent pregnancy;
  * nervous system dysfunction;
  * has received physical therapy for related shoulder, neck, or upper thoracic dysfunction;
  * blood clotting disorder;
  * receiving workman's compensation or involved in an active lawsuit;
  * currently taking fluoroquinolones (Cipro, Factive, Levaquin, Avelox, Noroxin, Floxin)
  * any other known contraindication to manual therapy The study will not include adults unable to consent/persons with cognitive/developmental disability, individuals who are not yet adults, pregnant women, or prisoners or other detained individuals.