Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) is associated with a pathological humoral immune response against the aquaporin-4(AQP-4) water channel. Baricitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor that blocks the upregulated JAK-STAT pathway in patients with neuroimmune disorders, which is important in bone marrow regulation of B cell proliferation and differentiation. Baricitinib may benefit some patients with NMOSD due to the important role of B cells in the pathogenesis of NMOSD. Clinical trials may be needed to observe its efficacy and safety.
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Inclusion Criteria: 1. Male or female patients ≥ 18 years old; 2. Diagnosis of NMO or NMO spectrum disorder according to the 2015 International Panel for Neuromyelitis Optica Diagnosis criteria; 3. Clinical evidence of either at least one attack requiring rescue therapy (intravenous corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, or a combination of these therapies) in the year before screening or at least two attacks requiring rescue therapy in the 2 years before screening; 4. EDSS \<=6.0; 5. Patients were seropositive for AQP4-IgG; 6. Able and willing to give written informed consent and comply with the requirements of the study protocol. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Current evidence or known history of clinically significant infection (Herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis viruses, Syphilis, etc); 2. Participation in another interventional trial within the last 3 months Tumor disease currently or within last 5 years; 3. Pregnant, breastfeeding, or child-bearing potential during the course of the study Clinically relevant heart, liver, kidney or bone marrow function disorder. 4. Have a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), or are considered at high risk for VTE by the investigator.