Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive damage to kidney function, associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke or myocardial infarct, particularly in the most severe stages of CKD, in which the patient requires dialysis. Several risk factors are reported for CKD, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension. One of the most increasingly recognized risk factors is the fat tissue malfunction, known as adiposopathy. The accumulation of fat tissue around the organs in conditions of obesity or diabetes accelerates the production of pro-inflammatory factors that may worsen the kidney and heart damage. New antidiabetic medications, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), have proven beneficial effects on the kidney and heart due to several mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory actions and a potential action on the fat tissue. The aim of this study is to assess the link between adiposopathy and CKD, by investigating the changes in adiposopathy measures throughout treatment with GLP-1RA to a sample of patients with CKD.
Inclusion Criteria: * \> or = 18 years of age * diagnosed with CKD in stages G1, G2, G3a, G3b, and G4, not candidate for dialysis * had uncontrolled T2DM, CVDs and/or obesity * willing to participate in the study and sign informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Age \<18 years * pregnancy * CKD in stage G5 or G4 candidate for dialysis * neuropsychiatric diseases preventing the patient from understanding the benefits/risks associated with the project * refusal to participate and/or consent revocation were considered as exclusion criteria